That was taken in New Plymouth, New Zealand. You can see Mt Taranaki on the left (2518m dormant volcano). At first you could only see the red/purple, but the green/yellow at the bottom appeared later. Of course to the naked eye it was just a dim red glow.
Just to put this into perspective, the top 3-4 cm of Martian soil is completely sterile due to solar radiation. Add to that the fact that there are planet wide dust storms every year churning this layer up and making things worse over time. So, nowhere for bacteria to hide.
I definitely prefer to spend summers in Scotland!What about a force field?
In the far future humankind may be able to live on the surface of Mars under a protective bubble.
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We'll just have to work around the problem of the prohibitive amount of power required to maintain the "mini magnetosphere"!
Perhaps a giant Tesla coil?
Might be old hat to some, but here is a nice description of how s heat pump works and it is a fascinating insight into IMD of my favorite subjects, entropy
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2023/dec/23/heat-pumps-science-visualised
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/ng-interactive/2023/dec/23/heat-pumps-science-visualised
The article refers to an air source heat pump.
Quote: "To become a gas it [the refrigerant] needs energy which it absorbs as heat from the air : this causes little change in its temperature, but does cause its molecules to speed up."
Is there a physicist in the house? Actually there is no change in temperature at all, and the molecules do not speed up!
Energy must be supplied to overcome the forces that hold the molecules together in the liquid state. This energy is called latent heat. By latent we mean hidden because no change in temperature is involved. The molecules may be said to have gained potential energy, not kinetic energy.
The action of an air pump may be briefly summarised as follows:
When the volatile refrigerant in its liquid phase evaporates to its gaseous phase it absorbs latent heat energy.
When the refrigerant in its gaseous phase condenses to its liquid phase it releases latent heat energy.
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Would you regard entropy as being reversible in the air pump scenario?
Latent heat of vaporisation must be added to change the ordered state of the liquid into the disordered gaseous state.
Latent heat of vaporisation is released when the disordered gaseous state changes into the ordered state of the liquid.
P.S. What is IMD?
This cannot happen according to entropy. Nothing goes from a disordered state to an ordered state. There is a transformation of energy as gaseous state moves to a a liquid state and that has to be considered as part of the process - so entropy is not violated.
No, I am talking about a change of state, not a change of temperature.
During a change of state, the average kinetic energy of the molecules does not increase. Once the change of state is completed, adding more energy would make the molecules move faster (on average).
For example, the average KE of water molecules at 100 degrees C is the same as the average KE of steam molecules at 100 degrees C.
