Hi all
Time to share a further model of mine...
This time, the EC91 - a very strong tube for its large mu.
Enjoy!
BR Adrian
Time to share a further model of mine...
This time, the EC91 - a very strong tube for its large mu.
Enjoy!
BR Adrian
Code:
*EC91 LTspice model based on the generic triode model from Adrian Immler, version i6
*A version log is at the end of this file
*100h BurnIn of 10 Mullard tubes, sample selection and measurements done in June 2024
*Params fitted to the measured values by Adrian Immler, June 2024
*This model is accurate for Vg up to 1.5V.
*The fit quality is presented at adrianimmler.simplesite.com
*History's best of tube describing art (plus some new ideas) is merged to this new approach.
*@ neg. Vg, Ia accuracy is similar to Koren models, and unrivaled for remote cutoff triodes
*@ small neg. Vg, the "Anlauf" current is considered.
*@ pos. Vg, Ig and Ia accuracy is on an unrivaled level (including neg. Va range!)
*This offers new simulation possibilities like grid resistor bias, backward plate modulated stages,
*Audion radio circuits, low voltage amps, guitar distortion stages or pulsed stages.
*It is assumed that there exists only 1 construction version of the EC91 (3 different brands seen so far)
*Hence, the two letters for the brand are skipped.
* i6 version is identical to the i5, but measurements done with HOT anode for highest accuracy
* | anode (plate)
* | | grid
* | | | cathode
* | | | |
.subckt EC91.i6 A G K
+ params:
*Parameters for space charge current Is (100% assigned to Ia @ Vg < 0)
+ mu = 96 ;Determines the voltage gain @ constant Ia
+ rad = 9k ;Differential anode resistance, set @ Iad and Vg=0V
+ Vct = 0.49 ;Offsets the Ia-traces on the Va axis. Electrode material's contact potential
+ kp = 350 ;Mimics the island effect
+ xs = 1.5 ;Determines the curve of the Ia traces. Typically between 1.2 and 1.8
+ kIsr = 114m ;Va-indepedent part of the Is reduction when gridcurrent occurs
+ kvdg = 75 ;Va-depedent part of the Is reduction when gridcurrent occurs
*
*Parameters for assigning the space charge current to Ia and Ig @ Vg > 0
+ kB = 0.5 ;Describes how fast Ia drops to zero when Va approaches zero.
+ radl = 630 ;Differential resistance for the Ia emission limit @ very small Va and Vg > 0
+ tsh = 7 ;Ia transmission sharpness from 1th to 2nd Ia area. Keep between 3 and 20. Start with 20.
+ xl = 1.3 ;Exponent for the emission limit
*
*Parameters of the grid-cathode vacuum diode
+ kg = 390 ;Inverse scaling factor for the Va independent part of Ig (caution - interacts with xg!)
+ Vctg = 0.06 ;Offsets the log Ig-traces on the Vg axis. Electrode material's contact potential
+ xg = 1.15 ;Determines the curve of the Ig slope versus (positive) Vg and Va >> 0
+ VT = 0.115 ;Log(Ig) slope @ Vg<0. VT=k/q*Tk (cathodes absolute temp, typically 1150K)
+ rTr = 0.7 ;ratio of VT for Igr. Typically 0.8
+ kVT = 8m ;Va dependant koeff. of VT
+ gft1 = 0.02 ;reduces the steering voltage around Vg=-Vg0, for finetuning purposes
+ gft1a= 0.05 ;reduces the steering voltage around Vg=-Vg0. Effect decreases with 1/(1+kB*Va)
+ gft2 = 1 ;finetunes the Igr drop @ incrasing Va and around Vg=-Vg0
*
*Parameters for the caps
+ cag = 2p5 ;From datasheet
+ cak = 0p2 ;From datasheet
+ cgk = 8p5 ;From datasheet
*
*special purpose parameters
+ os = 1 ;Overall scaling factor, if a user wishes to simulate manufacturing tolerances
+ murc = 10 ;Mu of the remote cutoff triode
+ ksrc = 10G ;Inverse Iarc gain factor for the remote cuttoff triode
+ kprc = 1k ;Mimics the island effect for the remote cotoff triode
+ Vbatt = 0 ;heater battery voltage for direct heated battery triodes
+ Vdrmax = 1 ;max voltage of internal Vg drop, for convergence improvements
*
*Calculated parameters
+ Iad = {100/rad} ;Ia where the anode a.c. resistance is set according to rad.
+ ks = {pow(mu/(rad*xs*Iad**(1-1/xs)),-xs)} ;Reduces the unwished xs influence to the Ia slope
+ ksnom = {pow(mu/(rad*1.5*Iad**(1-1/1.5)),-1.5)} ;Sub-equation for calculating Vg0
+ Vg0 = {Vct + (Iad*ks)**(1/xs) - (Iad*ksnom)**(2/3)} ;Reduces the xs influence to Vct.
+ kl = {pow(1/(radl*xl*Ild**(1-1/xl)),-xl)} ;Reduces the xl influence to the Ia slope @ small Va
+ Ild = {sqrt(radl)*1m} ;Current where the Il a.c. resistance is set according to radl.
*
*Space charge current model
Rak A K 100G ;avoids "floating net" errors
Bft ft 0 V=1/(1+pow(2*abs(v(G,Ki)+Vg0),3)) ;an auxiliary voltage to finetune the triode around Vg=-Vg0
Bggi GGi 0 V=(v(Gi,Ki)+Vg0)*(1/(1+kIsr*max(0, v(G,Ki)+Vg0))) - gft1*v(ft) - gft1a*v(ft)/(1+kB*v(Ahc)) ;Effective internal grid voltage.
Bahc Ahc 0 V=uramp(v(A,Ki)) ;Anode voltage, hard cut to zero @ neg. value
Bst St 0 V=uramp(max(v(GGi)+v(A,Ki)/(mu), v(A,Ki)/kp*ln(1+exp(kp*(1/mu+v(GGi)/(1+v(Ahc)))))));Steering volt.
Bs Ai Ki I=os/ks*pow(v(St),xs) ;Langmuir-Childs law for the space charge current Is
*Bstrc Strc 0 V=uramp(max(v(GGi)+v(Ahc)/(murc), v(Ahc)/kprc*ln(1+exp(kprc*(1/murc+v(GGi)/(1+v(Ahc)))))));FOR REMOTE CUTOFF TUBES ONLY
*Bsrc Ai Ki I=os/ksrc*pow(v(Strc),xs) ;FOR REMOTE CUTOFF TUBES ONLY
*
*Anode current limit @ small Va
.func smin(z,y,n) {pow(pow(z+1f, -n)+pow(y+1f, -n), -1/n)} ;Min-function with smooth trans.
.func ssmin(z,y,n) {min(min(z,y), smin(z*1.003,y*1.003,n))};smin-function which suppresses small residual differencies
Ra A Ai 1
Bgl Gi A I=uramp(i(Ra)-ssmin(1/kl*pow(v(Ahc),xl),i(Ra),tsh)) ;Ia emission limit
*
*Grid model
Rgk G K 10G ;avoids "floating net" errors
Bvdg G Gi I=1/kvdg*pow(v(G,Gi),1.5) ;Reduces the internal effective grid voltage when Ig rises
Bcoh G Gi I=pow(uramp(v(G,Gi)-Vdrmax),2) ;A convergence help which softly limits the internal Vg voltage drop.
Rgip G Gi 1G ;avoids some warnings
.func fVT() {VT*exp(-kVT*sqrt(v(A,Ki)))}
.func Ivd(Vvd, kvd, xvd, VTvd) {if(Vvd < 3, 1/kvd*pow(VTvd*xvd*ln(1+exp(Vvd/VTvd/xvd)),xvd), 1/kvd*pow(Vvd, xvd))} ;Vacuum diode function
Bgvd G Ki I=Ivd(v(G,Ki) + Vctg + min(0,v(A,Ki)/mu), kg/os, xg, fVT()) ;limits the internal Vg for convergence reasons
Bstn Stn 0 V=v(GGi)+min(0,v(A,Ki))/mu ;special steering voltage, sensitive to negative Anodevoltages only
Bgr Gi Ai I= ivd(v(Stn),ks/os, xs, rTr*fVT())/(1+(kB+v(ft)*gft2)*v(Ahc));Is reflection to grid when Va approaches zero
*Bgr Gi Ai I=(ivd(v(Stn),ks/os, xs, rTr*fVT())+os/ksrc*pow(v(GGi),xs))/(1+(kB+v(ft)*gft2)*v(Ahc));FOR REMOTE CUTOFF TUBES ONLY
Bs0 Ai Ki I=uramp(ivd(v(Stn),ks/os, xs, rTr*fVT()) - os/ks*pow(v(Stn),xs))
Bbatt Ki K V=Vbatt/2 ;for battery heated triodes; Offsets the average cathode potential to the half heater battery voltage
*
*Caps
C1 A G {cag}
C2 A K {cak}
C3 G K {cgk}
.ends
*
*Version log
*i1 :Initial version
*i2 :Pin order changed to the more common order A G K (Thanks to Markus Gyger for his tip)
*i3 :bugfix of the Ivd-function: now also usable for larger Vvd
*i4: Rgi replaced by a virtual vacuum diode (better convergence). ft1 deleted (no longer needed)
;2 new prarams for Ig finetuning @ Va and Vg near zero. New overall skaling factor os for aging etc.
*i5: improved convergence performance. PosVg/NegVa area now correct. Also accurate now for remote cutoff triodes!
*i6: identical to the i5, but tubes measured with hot anode (Pa=0.7*Pmax) for highest accuracyAttachments
